Thus, considering our results, it could be speculated that, in a chronic inflammatory microenvironment, a persistent stimulation by bacterial agent and/or inflammatory factors could induce epithelial malignant transformation, which is responsible, at least inpart, for cancer stem cells generation and prostatic carcinogenesis. Moreover, the attention also needs to be paid that the presence of bacterial agent and/or inflammatory factors (e.g., LPS) not only impact the epithelial cells but also affect the immune cells and other stroma compounds existing in the microenvironment, which may produce a cross interaction among the different components, make it more complicate for the understanding disease progresses,and put more challenge for the clinical treatment.

Comment: As the study aptly shows, only low-dose LPS promotes cancerization of normal cells because its effects remain largely undetected by the immune system. If the dose/levels of LPS is high enough to qualify for what doctors consider "acute endotoxemia", the immune system is activated and probably detects and destroys any cells that the LPS managed to turn into a malignant type. Low-dose LPS, on the other hand, achieves the infamous "chronic low-grade inflammation" that does NOT activate fully the immune system, and which goes largely undetected on regular blood tests, yet is now recognized as a causal factor in most chronic diseases (including cancer). It is not that the biomarkers for systemic inflammation such as CRP, ESR, TNF-a, NF-kB, etc are not useful but rather that the levels of most of these biomarkers vary rapidly and only repeated tests over many months and even years can paint a reliable picture of whether a patient is suffering from said low-grade inflammation or not. Link: http://haidut.me/?p=1684