Endotoxin and Serotonin
Serotonin agonists and antagonists:
- ANTAGONISTS
- Cyproheptadine – blocks 5-HT2A, H1 and is a mild anticholinergic
- Quetiapine blocks 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, dopamine receptors D1 and D2, histamine receptor H1, and A1 adrenoreceptors.
- Antagonists of the 5-HT 2a/2c receptor
- Risperidone antipsychotic
- Antidepressant: Mirtazapine
- Nausea prevention: Ondansetron
- IBS treatment: Alosetron, Cilansetron
- Non-selective serotonin antagonists: Chlorpromazine, Cyproheptadine, Metergoline, Methysergide, Mianserin, Mirtazapine, Oxetorone, Pizotifen, Propranolol, Ritanserin, Spiperone
- Antihistamines with anti-Serotonin activity
- Carbinoxamine: Cyproheptadine, Hydroxyzine, Methdilazine, Pizotifen, Promethazine, Pizotifen (5-HT2C antagonist, H1 blocker and anticholinergic useful for migraine), Oxatomide, Oxetorone (also used in the treatment of migrane), Ketotifen
- Others:
- Fenclonine (para-chlorophenylalanine; PCPA) An inhibitor of serotonin synthesis that has been used in the treatment of carcinoid syndrome.
- Feverfew – an herb traditionally used for migraines.
- Reserpine - depletes serotonin stores in the brain, heart, and many other organs and has been used in hypertension and psychosis.
- Gamma-mangostin from Garcinia mangostana
- AGONISTS
- 5-HT1 receptor agonists
- Azapirones such as buspirone, gepirone, and tandospirone are 5-HT1A receptor partial agonists marketed primarily as anxiolytics, but also as antidepressants.
- The antidepressants vilazodone and vortioxetine are 5-HT1A receptor partial agonists.
- Flibanserin, a drug used for female sexual dysfunction, is a 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist.
- Many atypical antipsychotics, such as aripiprazole, asenapine, clozapine, lurasidone, quetiapine, and ziprasidone, are 5-HT1A receptor partial agonists, and this action is thought to contribute to their beneficial effects on negative symptoms in schizophrenia.
- Triptans such as sumatriptan, rizatriptan, and naratriptan are 5-HT1B receptor agonists that are used to abort migraine and cluster headache attacks. The ergoline antimigraine agent ergotamine also acts on this receptor.
- Serenics such as batoprazine, eltoprazine, and fluprazine are agonists of the 5-HT1B receptor and other serotonin receptors, and have been found to produce antiaggressive effects in animals, but have not been marketed.
- Eltoprazine is under development for the treatment of aggression and for other indications.
- In addition to being 5-HT1B agonists, triptans (i.e. sumatriptan, almotriptan, zolmitriptan, naratriptan, eletriptan, frovatriptan and rizatriptan) are also agonists at the 5-HT1D receptor, which contributes to their antimigraine effect caused by vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the brain. The same is true for ergotamine.
- The triptan eletriptan is an agonist of the 5-HT1E receptor. BRL-54443 is a selective 5-HT1E and 5-HT1F receptor agonist
- 5-HT2 receptor agonists cause serotonin syndrome, cardiac fibrosis
- Agonists of the 5-HT2B receptor are implicated in the development of cardiac fibrosis.[13] Fenfluramine, pergolide, and cabergoline have been withdrawn from some markets for this reason.[14] Many serotonergic psychedelics, such as LSD and psilocin, have been shown to activate this receptor directly.[15] MDMA has been reported to be both a potent direct agonist[13] and have an indirect effect by increasing plasma serotonin levels.[16]
- Lorcaserin is an appetite suppressant and anti-obesity drug which acts as a selective 5-HT2C receptor agonist. meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP) is a 5-HT2C-preferring serotonin receptor agonist that induces anxiety and depression and can cause panic attacks in susceptible individuals.
- 5-HT3 receptor agonists
- 2-Methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine (2-methylserotonin) and quipazine are moderately selective agonists of the 5-HT3 receptor that are used in scientific research.
- 5-HT4 receptor agonists
- Prucalopride is a highly selective 5-HT4 receptor agonist that can be used to treat certain disorders of gastrointestinal motility.
- Other 5-HT4 receptor agonists have shown potential to be nootropic and antidepressant drugs, but have not been marketed for such indications.
- 5-HT5 receptor agonists
- Valerenic acid, a constituent of valerian root, has been found to act as a 5-HT5A receptor agonist, and this action could be involved in the sleep-promoting effects of valerian.
- 5-HT6 receptor agonists – no agents
- 5-HT7 receptor agonists – no agents