Endotoxin and Serotonin

Serotonin agonists and antagonists:
  1. ANTAGONISTS
    1. Antagonists of the 5-HT2A receptor
      1. Cyproheptadine – blocks 5-HT2A, H1 and is a mild anticholinergic
      2. Methysergide is a 5-HT2A antagonist and nonselective 5-HT1 receptor blocker
      3. Quetiapine blocks 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, dopamine receptors D1 and D2, histamine receptor H1, and A1 adrenoreceptors.
    2. Antagonists of the 5-HT 2a/2c receptor
      1. Ketanserin Antihypertensive. Blocks 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C and Alpha 1 (A1) adrenoreceptors.
      2. Risperidone antipsychotic
    3. Antagonists of the 5-HT3 receptors
      1. Antidepressant: Mirtazapine
      2. Nausea prevention: Ondansetron
      3. IBS treatment: Alosetron, Cilansetron
    4. Antihistamines with anti-Serotonin activity
      1. Carbinoxamine: Cyproheptadine, Hydroxyzine, Methdilazine, Pizotifen, Promethazine, Pizotifen (5-HT2C antagonist, H1 blocker and anticholinergic useful for migraine), Oxatomide, Oxetorone (also used in the treatment of migrane), Ketotifen
      2. Others:
        1. Fenclonine (para-chlorophenylalanine; PCPA) An inhibitor of serotonin synthesis that has been used in the treatment of carcinoid syndrome.
        2. Feverfew – an herb traditionally used for migraines.
        3. Reserpine - depletes serotonin stores in the brain, heart, and many other organs and has been used in hypertension and psychosis.
        4. Gamma-mangostin from Garcinia mangostana
  2. AGONISTS
    1. 5-HT1 receptor agonists
      1. The antidepressants vilazodone and vortioxetine are 5-HT1A receptor partial agonists.
      2. Flibanserin, a drug used for female sexual dysfunction, is a 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist.
      3. Many atypical antipsychotics, such as aripiprazole, asenapine, clozapine, lurasidone, quetiapine, and ziprasidone, are 5-HT1A receptor partial agonists, and this action is thought to contribute to their beneficial effects on negative symptoms in schizophrenia.
      4. Triptans such as sumatriptan, rizatriptan, and naratriptan are 5-HT1B receptor agonists that are used to abort migraine and cluster headache attacks. The ergoline antimigraine agent ergotamine also acts on this receptor.
      5. Serenics such as batoprazine, eltoprazine, and fluprazine are agonists of the 5-HT1B receptor and other serotonin receptors, and have been found to produce antiaggressive effects in animals, but have not been marketed.
        1. Eltoprazine is under development for the treatment of aggression and for other indications.
      6. In addition to being 5-HT1B agonists, triptans (i.e. sumatriptan, almotriptan, zolmitriptan, naratriptan, eletriptan, frovatriptan and rizatriptan) are also agonists at the 5-HT1D receptor, which contributes to their antimigraine effect caused by vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the brain. The same is true for ergotamine.
      7. The triptan eletriptan is an agonist of the 5-HT1E receptor. BRL-54443 is a selective 5-HT1E and 5-HT1F receptor agonist
      8. Triptans such as eletriptan, naratriptan, and sumatriptan are agonists of the 5-HT1F receptor.
    2. 5-HT2 receptor agonists cause serotonin syndrome, cardiac fibrosis
      1. Serotonergic psychedelics like psilocybin, LSD, and mescaline act as 5-HT2A receptor agonists.
      2. Agonists of the 5-HT2B receptor are implicated in the development of cardiac fibrosis.[13] Fenfluramine, pergolide, and cabergoline have been withdrawn from some markets for this reason.[14] Many serotonergic psychedelics, such as LSD and psilocin, have been shown to activate this receptor directly.[15] MDMA has been reported to be both a potent direct agonist[13] and have an indirect effect by increasing plasma serotonin levels.[16]
      3. Lorcaserin is an appetite suppressant and anti-obesity drug which acts as a selective 5-HT2C receptor agonist. meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP) is a 5-HT2C-preferring serotonin receptor agonist that induces anxiety and depression and can cause panic attacks in susceptible individuals.
    3. 5-HT3 receptor agonists
      1. 2-Methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine (2-methylserotonin) and quipazine are moderately selective agonists of the 5-HT3 receptor that are used in scientific research.
      2. Agonists of this receptor are known to induce nausea and vomiting, and are not used medically.
    4. 5-HT4 receptor agonists
      1. Cisapride and tegaserod are 5-HT4 receptor partial agonists that were used to treat disorders of gastrointestinal motility.
      2. Prucalopride is a highly selective 5-HT4 receptor agonist that can be used to treat certain disorders of gastrointestinal motility.
      3. Other 5-HT4 receptor agonists have shown potential to be nootropic and antidepressant drugs, but have not been marketed for such indications.
    5. 5-HT5 receptor agonists
      1. Valerenic acid, a constituent of valerian root, has been found to act as a 5-HT5A receptor agonist, and this action could be involved in the sleep-promoting effects of valerian.
    6. 5-HT6 receptor agonists – no agents
    7. 5-HT7 receptor agonists – no agents